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Contents.Etymology The origin of the word Andorra is unknown, although several hypotheses have been formulated. The oldest derivation of the word Andorra is from the Greek historian ( III, 35, 1) who describes the Andosins, an, as historically located in the valleys of Andorra and facing the army in its passage through the Pyrenees during the. The word Andosini or Andosins (Ἀνδοσίνοι) may derive from the handia whose meaning is 'big' or 'giant'. The Andorran shows evidence of in the area. Another theory suggests that the word Andorra may derive from the old word Anorra that contains the Basque word ur (water).Another theory suggests that Andorra may derive from al-durra, meaning 'The forest' (الدرة).
When the and conquered the, the valleys of the High Pyrenees were covered by large tracts of forest, and most of the regions that were not administered by Muslims, because of the geographical difficulty that was presented, received this designation.Other theories suggest that the term derives from the andurrial, which means 'land covered with bushes' or 'scrubland'.The holds that had named the region as a reference to the valley of or (where the had been defeated), a name also bestowed by his heir and son after defeating the Moors in the 'wild valleys of Hell'. Roc de les Bruixes prehistorical sanctuary located in (detail)La Balma de la, found by at, was first settled in 9,500 BC as a passing place between the two sides of the Pyrenees.
The seasonal camp was perfectly located for hunting and fishing by the groups of hunter-gatherers from and.During the, a group of people moved to the (nowadays Natural Parc located in declared ) as a permanent camp in 6640 BC. The population of the valley grew cereals, raised domestic livestock, and developed a commercial trade with people from the and.Other archaeological deposits include the Tombs of and Feixa del Moro (Sant Julia de Loria) both dated in 4900–4300 BC as an example of the in Andorra.The model of small settlements began to evolve to a complex urbanism during the. Items of iron, ancient coins, and relicaries can be found in the scattered around the country.The sanctuary of Roc de les Bruixes (Stone of the Witches) is perhaps the most important archeological complex of this age in Andorra, located in the parish of, about the rituals of funerals, ancient scripture and engraved stone. The Iberian and Roman Andorra. 's route (in red) during the. The Iberian tribes (in green) fought against the army in the PyreneesThe inhabitants of the valleys were traditionally associated with the and historically located in Andorra as the Iberian tribe Andosins or Andosini (Ἀνδοσίνους) during the 7th and 2nd centuries BC. Influenced by, and, the locals developed some current toponyms.
Early writings and documents relating to this group of people goes back to the second century BC by the Greek writer in his Histories during the.Some of the most significant remains of this era are the Castle of the Roc d'Enclar (part of the early ), l'Anxiu in and Roc de L'Oral in.The presence of influence is recorded from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. The places found with more Roman presence are in Camp Vermell (Red Field) in Sant Julia de Loria, and in some places in Encamp, as well as in the Roc d'Enclar. People continued trading, mainly with wine and cereals, with the Roman cities of (nowaday ) and all across Segre through the Strata Ceretana (also known as Strata Confluetana). The Visigoths and Carolingians: the legend of Charlemagne. Instructing his sonAfter the, Andorra came under the influence of the, not remotely from the, but locally from the. The Visigoths remained in the valleys for 200 years, during which time spread.
When the and its of most of the Iberian Peninsula replaced the ruling Visigoths, Andorra was sheltered from these invaders by the.Tradition holds that Charles the Great (Charlemagne) granted a charter to the Andorran people for a contingent of five thousand soldiers under the command of Marc Almugaver, in return for fighting against the near. Main hall of (High Court of Justice) inside, the central Judiciary Court of AndorraIn 1601 the (High Court of Justice) was created as a result of from France, courts coming from Spain and experienced in the country due to the. With the passage of time, the co-title to Andorra passed to the kings of. After became, he issued an edict in 1607 that established the head of the French state and the bishop of Urgell as. During 1617 communal councils form the sometent (popular militia or army) to deal with the rise of bandolerisme and the Consell de la Terra was defined and structured in terms of its composition, organization and competences current today.Andorra continued with the same economic system that it had during the 12th–14th centuries with a large production of metallurgy ( fargues, a system similar to Farga catalana) and with the introduction of circa 1692 and import trade. The fair of Andorra la Vella was ratified by the co-princes in 1371 and 1448 being the most important annual national festival commercially ever since. Enthronement as Co-Prince in 1942 of Bishop (center).
The local comite was led by Francesc Cairat (left), the with the longest regencie, from 1936 to 1960During, Andorra remained neutral and was an important smuggling route between and Francoist Spain. At the course of the war, the population, which lived between two states that had declared to be openly fascist, criticized the passivity of the General Council to the impediment of entry and expulsion of foreigners or refugees, the crimes for economic interests, the reduction of rights of citizens and be too close or sympathetic to. The General Council itself justified its political and diplomatic actions under the survival and protection of Andorra's sovereignty, which finally emerged from the two conflicts unscathed. Thus, certain organized themselves to help the victims of Nazi oppression coming from Europe, while participating in smuggling to help the country survive. Among the groups that were most prominent there was the Evasion Network Command, in contact with the British, which helped almost 400 fugitives, among whom were also military personnel.
They remained active between 1941 and 1944, with certain struggles with informers and agents within the country. – since 14 May 2017Andorra is a parliamentary with the and the (, ) as. This peculiarity makes the president of France, in his capacity as, an elected monarch, although he is not elected by a popular vote of the Andorran people. The politics of Andorra take place in a framework of a, whereby the is the, and of a multi-party system.The current head of government is of the (DA). Is exercised by the government.
Legislative power is vested in both government and parliament.The Parliament of Andorra is known as the General Council. The General Council consists of between 28 and 42 councillors. The councillors serve for four-year terms, and elections are held between the 30th and 40th days following the dissolution of the previous Council.Half are elected in equal numbers by each of the seven administrative parishes, and the other half of the councillors are elected in a single national constituency. Fifteen days after the election, the councillors hold their inauguration. During this session, the Syndic General, who is the head of the General Council, and the Subsyndic General, his assistant, are elected. Eight days later, the Council convenes once more. During this session the head of government is chosen from among the councillors.
Casa de la Vall, Historical and Ceremonial Andorran ParliamentCandidates can be proposed by a minimum of one-fifth of the councillors. The Council then elects the candidate with the absolute majority of votes to be head of government. The Syndic General then notifies the co-princes, who in turn appoint the elected candidate as the head of government of Andorra. The General Council is also responsible for proposing and passing laws. Bills may be presented to the Council as Private Members' Bills by three of the local Parish Councils jointly or by at least one tenth of the citizens of Andorra.
Main article:The judiciary is composed of the Magistrates Court, the Criminal Law Court, the High Court of Andorra, and the Constitutional Court. The High Court of Justice is composed of five judges: one appointed by the head of government, one each by the co-princes, one by the Syndic General, and one by the judges and magistrates. It is presided over by the member appointed by the Syndic General and the judges hold office for six-year terms.The magistrates and judges are appointed by the High Court, as is the president of the Criminal Law Court.
The High Court also appoints members of the Office of the Attorney General. The Constitutional Court is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and reviewing all appeals of unconstitutionality against laws and treaties.
It is composed of four judges, one appointed by each of the co-princes and two by the General Council. They serve eight-year terms. The Court is presided over by one of the judges on a two-year rotation so that each judge at one point will preside over the Court.Foreign relations, defence, and security. Main article:Andorra consists of seven parishes:.Physical geography Due to its location in the eastern mountain range, Andorra consists predominantly of rugged mountains, the highest being the at 2,942 metres (9,652 ft), and the average elevation of Andorra is 1,996 metres (6,549 ft). These are dissected by three narrow valleys in a Y shape that combine into one as the main stream, the river, leaves the country for (at Andorra's lowest point of 840 m or 2,756 ft). Andorra's land area is 468 km 2 (181 sq mi)., Andorra belongs to the Atlantic European province of the within the. According to the, the territory of Andorra belongs to the of Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests.Climate Andorra has, and, depending on altitude.
Its higher elevation means there is, on average, more snow in winter and it is slightly cooler in summer. The diversity of landmarks, the different orientation of the valleys and the irregularity relief typical of the make the country have a great diversity of that hinder the general dominance of the.
The great differences of altitude in the minimum and maximum points, together with the influence of a Mediterranean climate, develop the climate of the Andorran Pyrenees.When in precipitation, a global model characterized by convective and abundant rains can be defined during spring and summer, which can last until autumn (May, June and August are usually the rainiest months); In winter, however, it is less rainy, except in the highlands, subject to the influence of fronts from the, which explains the great amount of snowfall in the Andorran mountains. The temperature regime is characterized, broadly, by a temperate summer and a long and cold winter; in accordance with the mountainous condition of the Principality. Thermal spa, the biggest thermoludic center in Southern EuropeTourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 10.2 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's status and by its summer and winter resorts.One of the main sources of income in Andorra is tourism from ski resorts which total over 175 km (109 mi) of ski ground. The sport brings in over 7 million visitors annually and an estimated 340 million euros per year, sustaining 2,000 direct and 10,000 indirect jobs at present since 2007.The banking sector, with its status, also contributes substantially to the economy (the financial and insurance sector accounts for approximately 19% of GDP ). The financial system comprises five banking groups, one specialised credit entity, 8 investment undertaking management entities, 3 asset management companies and 29 insurance companies, 14 of which are branches of foreign insurance companies authorised to operate in the principality.Agricultural production is limited; only 2% of the land is arable, and most food has to be imported. Some tobacco is grown locally.
The principal livestock activity is domestic sheep raising. Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture.
Andorra's natural resources include hydroelectric power, mineral water, timber, iron ore, and lead.Andorra is not a member of the European Union, but enjoys a with it, such as being treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. Andorra lacked a currency of its own and used both the and the in banking transactions until 31 December 1999, when both currencies were replaced by the EU's single currency, the euro. Coins and notes of both the franc and the peseta remained legal tender in Andorra until 31 December 2002. Andorra negotiated to issue its own euro coins, beginning in 2014.Andorra has traditionally had one of the world's lowest unemployment rates. In 2009 it stood at 2.9%.Andorra has long benefited from its status as a tax haven, with revenues raised exclusively through import tariffs. However, during the of the 21st century, its tourist economy suffered a decline, partly caused by a drop in the prices of goods in Spain, which undercut Andorran.
This led to a growth in unemployment. On 1 January 2012, a business tax of 10% was introduced, followed by a of 2% a year later, which raised just over 14 million euros in its first quarter.On 31 May 2013, it was announced that Andorra intended to legislate for the introduction of an by the end of June, against a background of increasing dissatisfaction with the existence of tax havens among EU members. The announcement was made following a meeting in Paris between the Head of Government and the French President and Prince of Andorra,. Hollande welcomed the move as part of a process of Andorra 'bringing its taxation in line with international standards'. Demographics.
122,213,4,2,2,025101,555Education Schools Children between the ages of 6 and 16 are required by law to have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is provided free of charge by the government.There are three systems of school, Andorran, French and Spanish, which use Catalan, French and Spanish languages respectively, as the main language of instruction. Parents may choose which system their children attend. All schools are built and maintained by Andorran authorities, but teachers in the French and Spanish schools are paid for the most part by France and Spain. 39% of Andorran children attend Andorran schools, 33% attend French schools, and 28% Spanish schools.University of Andorra The (UdA) is the state public university and is the only university in Andorra. It was established in 1997.
The university provides first-level degrees in nursing, computer science, business administration, and educational sciences, in addition to higher professional education courses. The only two graduate schools in Andorra are the Nursing School and the School of Computer Science, the latter having a PhD programme.Virtual Studies Centre The geographical complexity of the country as well as the small number of students prevents the University of Andorra from developing a full academic programme, and it serves principally as a centre for virtual studies, connected to Spanish and French universities. The Virtual Studies Centre ( Centre d'Estudis Virtuals) at the University runs approximately twenty different academic degrees at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels in fields including tourism, law, Catalan philology, humanities, psychology, political sciences, audiovisual communication, telecommunications engineering, and East Asia studies. The Centre also runs various postgraduate programmes and continuing-education courses for professionals.Transport. Located 12 km away from Andorra, in (, Eastern )Until the 20th century, Andorra had very limited transport links to the outside world, and development of the country was affected by its physical isolation. Even now, the nearest major airports at Toulouse and Barcelona are both three hours' drive from Andorra.Andorra has a road network of 279 km (173 mi), of which 76 km (47 mi) is unpaved. The two main roads out of are the CG-1 to the Spanish border, and the CG-2 to the French border via the Envalira Tunnel near.
Bus services cover all metropolitan areas and many rural communities, with services on most major routes running half-hourly or more frequently during peak travel times. There are frequent long-distance bus services from Andorra to and, plus a daily tour from the former city. Bus services are mostly run by private companies, but some local ones are operated by the government. Sports Andorra is famous for the practice of.
Popular sports played in Andorra include, and.For, usually plays in and in. In 2011, Andorra was the host country to the.The country is represented in association football by the. The team gained their first competitive win on 11th October, 2019, in a European Championship qualifier against Moldova. Football is governed in Andorra by the - founded in 1994, it organizes the national competitions of association football (, and ). Andorra was admitted to and in the same year, 1996., a club based in founded in 1942, compete in the.is a traditional sport in Andorra, mainly influenced by the popularity in southern France. The, nicknamed ' Els Isards', plays on the international stage in.
Is a rugby team based in Andorra la Vella actually playing in the French championship.Basketball popularity has increased in the country since the 1990s, when the Andorran team played in the top league of Spain. After 18 years the club returned to the top league in 2014.Other sports practised in Andorra include, volleyball, swimming, gymnastics, tennis,. In 2012, Andorra raised its first national team and played a home match against the Dutch Fellowship of Fairly Odd Places Cricket Club, the first match played in the history of Andorra at an altitude of 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).Andorra first participated at the in 1976. The country has also appeared in every Games since. Andorra competes in the, being twice the host country in and.As one of the, Andorra is home to a team of, or Catalan human tower builders. The , based in the town of, are recognized by the , the governing body of castells.